ÂüÁ¶Çϼ¼¿ä. : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy Çٽɱ¸¹®¸¸ ¹ø¿ªµå¸®ÀÚ¸é "Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism."
Liberal democracy´Â '°íÀüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ' ¿øÄ¢ÇÏ¿¡¼ ½ÃÇàµÇ´Â ´ëÀǹÎÁÖÁ¤À¸·Î ¿î¿µµÇ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°ú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù.
"Also called western democracy, it is characterised by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedoms for all people."
¼±¸ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǶó°íµµ ºÒ¸®¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ´Ù´çÁ¦ ¼±°Å, ±Ç·ÂºÐ¸³ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢, '¿¸°»çȸ' ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ »ýÈ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è, ¸ðµç ±¸¼º¿øÀÌ ÀαÇ, ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ Á¤ºÎ·Î ºÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯Liberty, Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô º¸È£¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» ƯÁ¤À¸·ÎÇÑ´Ù.
¿¬ÁØÀº ¹ÌÀÇȸ(½Ã¹Î)ÀÇ ±ÇÇÑ ¹Û¿¡ ÀÖÀ» »Ó, ÇàÁ¤ºÎ(Á¤ºÎ)°¡ ¿øÇϴ´ë·Î µ·À» ¹ßÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
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Back on November 21, 2002, Ben Bernanke explained precisely what his views are, so perhaps there should have been no surprise.
2002 ³â 11¿ù 21 ¿ù, ¹ö³ÃÅ°(¿¬ÁØÀÇÀå)´Â Á¤È®È÷ ±×ÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» ¼³¸íÇߴµ¥ ³î¶øÁöµµ ¾Ê´Ù.
The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or, today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at essentially no cost. By increasing the number of U.S. dollars in circulation, or even by credibly threatening to do so, the U.S. government can also reduce the value of a dollar in terms of goods and services, which is equivalent to raising the prices in dollars of those goods and services. We conclude that, under a paper-money system, a determined government can always generate higher spending and hence positive inflation.
¹Ì±¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â Àμ⸦ ÅëÇØ ¾Æ¹« ´ë°¡ ¾øÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸¸Å ´Þ·¯³ª ±×¿Í µ¿µîÇÑ ÀüÀÚÁöºÒ¼ö´ÜÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Þ·¯ÅëÈ·® Áõ°¡ ȤÀº Áõ°¡ À§ÇùÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹Ì±¹ Á¤ºÎ´Â ÀçÈ¿Í ¼ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ¶³±¼¼öÀÖ°í, ÀÌ´Â ½ÇÀçÈ¿Í ¼ºñ½ºÀÇ °¡°Ý»ó½Â°ú°°´Ù. (ÈÄ·«)
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±× ¿¹½Ã·Î ¾Æ±î Àû¾úÁö¸¸, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy¿¡¼ ù ¹®ÀåÀ» º¾½Ã´Ù. Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism. ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â °íÀüÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó ´ëÀǹÎÁÖÁ¤À¸·Î ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû À̳ä°ú Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù.
The American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787, .... Senators were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913.¹Ì±¹Çõ¸íÀº 1787³â Á÷¼±Á¦¸¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Çå¹ýÀ» ÀçÁ¤Çß´Ù. (Áß·«) »ó¿øÀÇ¿øµéÀº 1913³â ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦17Á¶°¡ äÅõDZâ Àü±îÁö´Â ±¹¹Î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á÷Á¢ ¼±ÃâµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.(!)
The story can be said to begin in 1775, when the Continental Congress issued a paper money called the continental, as in "not worth a continental." The currency was inflated to the point of disaster, and price controls didn't come close to working to stop it. This was the first great hyperinflation in U.S. history, and it gave rise to a hard-money school of thought that would agitate against central banking and paper money for many generations since. It also explains why the Constitution placed a ban on paper money and permitted only gold and silver as money. ±× ±â¿øÀ» »ìÆ캸¸é ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ 1775³â "ÄÁƼ³ÙÅ»"À̶ó´Â ÁöÆó°¡ Ã³À½ ¹ßÇàµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÌ Àç¾Ó¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¾î¸¶¾î¸¶Çß°í, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÇÏÀÌÆÛ ÀÎÇ÷¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ Hard-Money School( : Àº/±Ýº»À§Á¦¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÐÆÄ)°¡ »ý°Ü¼ Âß Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÁ¦µµ µî¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇØ¿ÔÁÒ. ÀÌÈÄ Çå¹ýÀ¸·Î¼ Àº°ú ±Ý¸¸À» º»À§·Î ÇÏ´Â ÈÆó°¡ Çã¿ëµÇ¾úÁÒ.
In 1791, the First Bank of the United States was chartered, and in 1792, Congress passed the Coinage Act recognizing the dollar as the national currency, the original of which dates back to the 1400s with the German coin, the thaler. Fortunately, the charter of the incipient central bank was not renewed and it expired in 1811.
1791³â ¹Ì±¹1ÀºÇàÀÌ Àΰ¡¸¦ ¹Þ°í, 1792³â ÀÇȸ¿¡¼ 1400³â´ë µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Å»·¯¸¦ ±â¿øÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÁÖȹýÀÌ Åë°úµÇ¾úÁÒ. ÀÌ Àΰ¡´Â ´ÙÇàÈ÷µµ 1811³â¿¡ ¼Ò¸êµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
In 1812, with war raging between Britain and the United States, the government issued notes to finance the conflict, resulting in suspensions of payment as well as inflation. Inflation during wartime is something you might expect, but instead of permitting normal conditions to return, Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. The bank aided and abetted ever more expansion and the creation of a boom-bust cycle.
1812³â ¿µ±¹°ú ¹Ì±¹»çÀÌ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ°í, Á¤ºÎ°¡ Àüºñ¸¦ ÈÆó¹ßÇàÀ» ÅëÇØ Ãæ´çÇÔÀ¸·Î¼ ÀÎÇ÷¹°¡ ¹ß»ýÇßÁÒ. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¹»ó°¡´ÉÇßÁö¸¸ 1816³â ÀÇȸ´Â À̸¦ µÇÀâÁö¾Ê°í Á¦2ÀºÇàÀ» Àΰ¡ÇÏ¿´°í, 2ÀºÇàÀº ´õ °æ±â¸¦ È®Àå½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù.
Finally, the inevitable downturn occurred with the Panic of 1819. This panic ended peacefully precisely because nothing was done to stop it. Jefferson pointed out that, in any case, the panic was only wiping out wealth that was entirely fictitious to begin with. ... After massive political agitation, and following Andrew Jackson's executive order that withdrew the federal government's deposits from the bank, the Second Bank was also allowed to be closed in 1836.
°á±¹ 1819³â, °øȲÀÌ ÃʷʵǾúÁö¸¸ ÀÌ °øȲÀº ¾Æ¹« ÀÏ ¾øÀÌ ÆòÈ·Ó°Ô ³¡³µÁÒ. Åä¸Ó½º Á¦ÆÛ½¼Àº ÀÌ È¥µ·ÀÌ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø ºÎ¸¦ ÀϼÒÇÏ´Â °Í »ÓÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù. Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Å« È¥¶õÀ» °Þ°í ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎÀÇ ¿¹±ÝÀ» 2ÀºÇà¿¡¼ ÀÎÃâÅä·Ï ÇÑ ¾Øµå·ù Àè½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ÇàÁ¤¸í·ÉÀÌ °øÇ¥µÈ ÈÄ 1836³â 2ÀºÇàÀÌ Æó¼âµË´Ï´Ù.
The war between North and South set off another round of inflationary finance, however, eventually killing off wartime currencies and prompting another deflation after the war.
³²ºÏÀüÀïÀÌ ¶Ç´Ù½Ã Àç¿øÁ¶´ÞÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÎÇ÷¹¸¦ ¾ß±â½ÃÄ×°í, ÀÌÈÄ Àü½ÃÀÚ±ÝÀÇ ¼ÒÁøÀ¸·Î µðÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÌ ¿ÔÁö¿ä.
This set the stage for a gold standard to be established that was solid but not perfect. It was the existence of flaws - banks were permitted fractional reserves and were beginning to rely on more and more regulations to dampen competition - that created the dynamic that led to the Federal Reserve.
±×°ÍÀº ±Ýº»À§Á¦°¡ ¿Ïº®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇßÁÒ. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎºÐÁö±ÞÁغñ±ÝÁ¦µµ°¡ Çã¿ëµÇ¾ú°í, Á¡Â÷ °æÀïÀ» ¾àÈÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ¸¦ ¿øÇß°í, ±×°Ô °á±¹ ¿¬¹æÁغñÁ¦µµ·Î À̲ô´Â µ¿·ÂÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù.
The ostensible impetus for the creation of the Federal Reserve was the banking panic of 1907, but the drive, as mentioned, began long before. Jacob Schiff, head of Kuhn, Loeb, & Co., gave a speech in 1906 that actually began the push for a European-style central bank. He explained that the "country needed money to prevent the next crisis."
1907³âÀÇ ÀºÇà°øȲÀº ¿¬ÁØÀ» ¼³¸³ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀû ÀÌÀ¯¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ¿¹ÀüºÎÅÍ ÃßÁøÇÏ´ø ÀÏÀÌ¿´ÁÒ. Äï,·Î¾Û¾ØÄÚ ÅõÀÚÀºÇàÀå Jacob Schiff´Â À¯·´½ÄÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀ» 1906³â¿¡ ÃßÁøÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù´Â ¿¬¼³¿¡¼ "´ÙÀ½ À§±â¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±¹°¡°¡ µ·À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù"¶ó°í ¼³¸íÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
In 1908, Congress created a National Monetary Commission to look into the general idea of banking reform. The commission was staffed mostly by people close to the largest banks ..... The NMC traveled around Europe and returned to the United States to continue the propaganda.
1908³â ÀÇȸ¿¡¼ ÀºÇà°³Çõ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¶»çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±¹°¡ÅëÈÀ§¿øȸNMC¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ À§¿øȸ´Â ´ëºÎºÐ °¡Àå °Å´ëÇÑ ´ëÇüÀºÇàµéÀÇ Ãø±ÙÀ¸·Î µÇ¾îÀÖ¾úÁÒ. NMC´Â À¯·´À» ½ÃÂûÇÏ°í ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼ ÇÁ·ÎÆÄ°£´Ù¸¦ ÆîĨ´Ï´Ù.
By 1909, President William Howard Taft had already endorsed a central bank, while the Wall Street Journal ran a fourteen-part series on the need for a central bank. The un-signed series was written by an NMC member, Charles A. Conant, who was the commission's chief public relations man.
1909³â¿¡ ¿ù½ºÆ®¸®Æ®Àú³Î¿¡ NMCÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀºÇà ¼³¸³ È«º¸È°µ¿À» Ã¥ÀÓÁø ¸â¹öÀÎ Conant°¡ 14ÆíÀÇ ½Ã¸®Áî »ç¼³¸¦ ¿¬ÀçÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ»¶§, ÀÌ¹Ì Å×ÇÁÆ® ´ëÅë·ÉÀº Áß¾ÓÀºÇà ¼³¸³À» Àΰ¡ÇßÁö¿ä.